Here is a list of Linux and Unix commands which will be useful for you. These commands can be used as a quick reference to simplify your Linux or Unix using experience. The commands are categorized into different categories depending upon the operation of the command. Almost commands of every type are listed here. The commands are listed with their category , command and the operation it does. The list goes as follows..
File Commands
- ls : directory listing
- ls -al : formatted listing with hidden files
- cd dir : change directory to dir
- cd : change to home
- pwd : show current directory
- mkdir dir : create a directory dir
- rm file : delete file
- rm -r dir : delete directory dir
- rm -f file : force remove file
- rm -rf dir : force remove directory dir
- cp file1 file2 : copy file1 to file2
- cp -r dir1 dir2 : copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn’t exist
- mv file1 file2 : rename or move file1 to file2 if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into directory file2
- ln -s file link : create symbolic link link to file
- touch file : create or update file
- cat > file : places standard input into file
- more file : output the contents of file
- head file : output the first 10 lines of file
- tail file : output the last 10 lines of file
- tail -f file : output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines
Process Management
- ps : display your currently active processes
- top : display all running processes
- kill pid : kill process id pid
- killall proc : kill all processes named proc
- bg : lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background
- fg : brings the most recent job to foreground
- fg n : brings job n to the foreground
File Permissions
- chmod octal file – change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding: 4 – read (r), 2 – write (w), 1 – execute (x)
Examples:
- chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all
- chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world
For more options, see man chmod.
SSH
- ssh user@host : connect to host as user
- ssh -p port user@host : connect to host on port port as user
- ssh-copy-id user@host : add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless login
Searching
- grep pattern files : search for pattern in files
- grep -r pattern dir : search recursively for pattern in dir
- command | grep pattern : search for pattern in the output of command
- locate file : find all instances of file
System Info
- date : show the current date and time
- cal : show this month’s calendar
- uptime : show current uptime
- w : display who is online
- whoami : who you are logged in as
- finger user : display information about user
- uname -a : show kernel information
- cat /proc/cpuinfo : cpu information
- cat /proc/meminfo : memory information
- man command : show the manual for command
- df : show disk usage
- du : show directory space usage
- free : show memory and swap usage
- whereis app : show possible locations of app
- which app : show which app will be run by default
Compression
- tar cf file.tar files : create a tar named file.tar containing files
- tar xf file.tar : extract the files from file.tar
- tar czf file.tar.gz files : create a tar with Gzip compression
- tar xzf file.tar.gz : extract a tar using Gzip
- tar cjf file.tar.bz2 : create a tar with Bzip2 compression
- tar xjf file.tar.bz2 : extract a tar using Bzip2
- gzip file : compresses file and renames it to file.gz
- gzip -d file.gz : decompresses file.gz back to file
Network
- ping host : ping host and output results
- whois domain : get whois information for domain
- dig domain : get DNS information for domain
- dig -x host : reverse lookup host
- wget file : download file
- wget -c file : continue a stopped download
Installation
Install from source:
- ./configure
- make
- make install
- dpkg -i pkg.deb : install a package (Debian)
- rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm : install a package (RPM)
Shortcuts
- Ctrl+C – halts the current command
- Ctrl+Z – stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background
- Ctrl+D – log out of current session, similar to exit
- Ctrl+W – erases one word in the current line
- Ctrl+U – erases the whole line
- Ctrl+R – type to bring up a recent command
- !! – repeats the last command
- exit – log out of current session
